For 20 years in the mid-1800s phylloxera threatened the wine industry in Europe

Many botanists, entomologists and vintners played a role in identifying the phylloxera, studying its life cycle and devising a means to defeat it. Although he doesn't get much credit in this book, T. V. Munson in the US was crucial in identifying louse resistant vines. Planchon, a professor at the prestigious Montpellier School of Pharmacy, gets credit for identifying the phylloxera aphid as the cause and for tracing its origins to the States.

The book is wonderful in describing Planchon's efforts to convince French growers and scientists that the louse was responsible. It also is wonderful at tracing the differing responses of wine regions as they became infest with the louse.

The French government offered a large cash prize for a solution to the problem; "solutions" included exorcism, mesmerism, "electrical commotions", marching bands, and a marvelous "beating wheelbarrow," with hammers that would pound the soil. Serious consideration was given to an even more absurd solution: make wine from American grapes. The country-life correspondent for Le Temps, after attending a half-dozen tastings of American wines, reported that "not one of those who took part had the courage to empty his glass."

Nonetheless, by grafting French vines on American roots, the louse was defeated. Despite my carping about how Munson is portrayed, this is an excellent wine history.

Robert C. Ross 2008

In the mid-19th century, a few tiny aphids, clinging to exported American vines, gained a foothold in France, and inch by inch began devouring vineyards. What the Black Death was to humans, the phylloxera epidemic was to grapevines. For 20 years the phylloxera raged, as the authorities helplessly recorded its progress on maps and winegrowers resisted the idea that an insect could be responsible for their woes.

The stakes, however, in France were deadly serious. Wine production accounted for one-sixth of government revenues, and it employed a third of the working population. Many botanists, entomologists and vintners played a role in identifying the phylloxera, studying its life cycle and devising a means to defeat it; and although he doesn't get much credit in this book, T. V. Munson in the US was crucial in identifying louse resistant vines. Planchon, a professor at the prestigious Montpellier School of Pharmacy, gets credit for identifying the phylloxera aphid as the cause and for tracing its origins to the States.

The book is wonderful in describing Planchon's efforts to convince French growers and scientists that the louse was the culprit. It also describes a recurring cycle: as one region was destroyed, others carried on, sometimes calling the infestation a hoax, sometimes as divine punishment for over-production.

The government offered a large cash prize for a solution to the problem; "solutions" included exorcism, mesmerism, "electrical commotions", marching bands, and a marvelous "beating wheelbarrow," with hammers that would pound the soil. Serious consideration was given to an even more absurd solution: make wine from American grapes. The country-life correspondent for Le Temps, after attending a half-dozen tastings of American wines, reported that "not one of those who took part had the courage to empty his glass."

It was a great relief that by grafting traditional European vines onto American roots, the French could continue use their traditional grapes to make their wines.

All in all, and despite my carping about how Munson is portrayed, this is a wonderful story, beautifully told. I couldn't put the book down.

In the mid-19th century, a few tiny aphids, clinging to exported American vines, gained a foothold in France, and inch by inch began devouring vineyards. What the Black Death was to humans, the phylloxera epidemic was to grapevines. For 20 years the phylloxera raged, as the authorities helplessly recorded its progress on maps and winegrowers resisted the idea that an insect could be responsible for their woes.

The stakes, however, in France were deadly serious. Wine production accounted for one-sixth of government revenues, and it employed a third of the working population. Many botanists, entomologists and vintners played a role in identifying the phylloxera, studying its life cycle and devising a means to defeat it; and although he doesn't get much credit in this book, T. V. Munson in the US was crucial in identifying louse resistant vines. Planchon, a professor at the prestigious Montpellier School of Pharmacy, gets credit for identifying the phylloxera aphid as the cause and for tracing its origins to the States.

The book is wonderful in describing Planchon's efforts to convince French growers and scientists that the louse was the culprit. It also describes a recurring cycle: as one region was destroyed, others carried on, sometimes calling the infestation a hoax, sometimes as divine punishment for over-production.

The government offered a large cash prize for a solution to the problem; "solutions" included exorcism, mesmerism, "electrical commotions", marching bands, and a marvelous "beating wheelbarrow," with hammers that would pound the soil. Serious consideration was given to an even more absurd solution: make wine from American grapes. The country-life correspondent for Le Temps, after attending a half-dozen tastings of American wines, reported that "not one of those who took part had the courage to empty his glass."

It was a great relief that by grafting traditional European vines onto American roots, the French could continue use their traditional grapes to make their wines.

All in all, and despite my carping about how Munson is portrayed, this is a wonderful story, beautifully told. I couldn't put the book down.

In the mid-19th century, a few tiny aphids, clinging to exported American vines, gained a foothold in France, and inch by inch began devouring vineyards. What the Black Death was to humans, the phylloxera epidemic was to grapevines. For 20 years the phylloxera raged, as the authorities helplessly recorded its progress on maps and winegrowers resisted the idea that an insect could be responsible for their woes.

The stakes, however, in France were deadly serious. Wine production accounted for one-sixth of government revenues, and it employed a third of the working population. Many botanists, entomologists and vintners played a role in identifying the phylloxera, studying its life cycle and devising a means to defeat it; and although he doesn't get much credit in this book, T. V. Munson in the US was crucial in identifying louse resistant vines. Planchon, a professor at the prestigious Montpellier School of Pharmacy, gets credit for identifying the phylloxera aphid as the cause and for tracing its origins to the States.

The book is wonderful in describing Planchon's efforts to convince French growers and scientists that the louse was the culprit. It also describes a recurring cycle: as one region was destroyed, others carried on, sometimes calling the infestation a hoax, sometimes as divine punishment for over-production.

The government offered a large cash prize for a solution to the problem; "solutions" included exorcism, mesmerism, "electrical commotions", marching bands, and a marvelous "beating wheelbarrow," with hammers that would pound the soil. Serious consideration was given to an even more absurd solution: make wine from American grapes. The country-life correspondent for Le Temps, after attending a half-dozen tastings of American wines, reported that "not one of those who took part had the courage to empty his glass."

It was a great relief that by grafting traditional European vines onto American roots, the French could continue use their traditional grapes to make their wines.

All in all, and despite my carping about how Munson is portrayed, this is a wonderful story, beautifully told. I couldn't put the book down.


PS: Munson is truly a hero of this story; here's a brief history of his contribution: "The greatest contribution of T. V. Munson was his cooperation with the French wine industry in developing phylloxera resistant rootstocks. Once the problem was identified as an insect and it was learned that American species were resistant, the great challenge of moving rootstock material to France was taken by Munson. For four months in south central Texas, from Bell to Bexar counties, Munson organized dozens of workers and land owners who collected 15 wagons of dormant stem cuttings for shipment to France. Most importantly, all lots were identified by species and shipped via three ships to southern France. The vines were the breeding stock for the rootstocks which saved the European wine industry. Hundreds of villages were saved and thousands of grape growers were able to grow grapes again. The rootstocks used throughout the world today originated in Europe from the Texas native grape material from Munson. For this effort, T. V. Munson was awarded the Legion of Honor, Chevalier du Merite Agricole, by the French Government."

Dr. George Ray McEachern, "A Texas Grape and Wine History".

aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/south

How refreshing to read a book about wine history that is not totally layperson, but not textbooky. Fascinating read about the history of the relationship between European and American vines and indeed, how wine was saved for the world. Anyone interested at all in wine should read this book.

This is a great book. Just be aware that its title in the rest of the world is "Phylloxera" - when you purchase a book from a "rest of the world" publisher, Amazon has a bad habit of recommending the same book under its US title.

This is an extremely interesting biological and viticultural story. Unfortunately the history is poorly and haphazardly organized. Although Campbell strives to make the characters (scientists, viticulturists, and bureaucrats)three dimensional - his insistence on chronologically following the activities of multiple individuals comes at a high cost of understanding. The story would have been better told - I feel - by focusing on fewer players or including a more organized interspersion of biological context.

Every wine-lover has at least a passing acquaintance
with the story of phylloxera, the tiny vine louse that
threatened the very existence of European vitis vinifera
grapes and the industry that's built on them.
Briefly, in the 1860's, vines imported from America as
horticultural curiosities brought with them an
unfestation of phylloxera to which the European vines
had no immunity. Phylloxera destroyed the roots of grape
vines and eventually the vines themselves died.

This is the story of the devastation of almost all
the vineyards of Europe that resulted from the louse.
More interestingly, it's also the story of:

* the scientific world coming to terms with the
implications of Darwinian theory and the consequences
of the scientific method. Early attempts to control
the pest included flooding, fumigatiing,cultivating
and sulfurating the vineyards. A partial success was
eventually achieved: vulnerable European vines were
grafted on to resistant American rootstocks. The plants
that almost killed European viticulture ended up being
its salvation.

* the social and economic disruption of a peasant world
that stretched from the Loire to Tuscany and Vienna.
Vast tracts of countryside were abandoned when profitable
grape growing was no longer possible. The depopulation
of the countryside was felt in European cities as well
as in the U.S., Canada and Argentina.

* the long-term implications for the world of wine. New
strains of phylloxera adapt to newly planted rootstocks
and a cycle of plague continues. Genetic modification
seems to be just around the corner. How will the French,
sternly against GM organisms respond to the next round
of threat. Will the struggle be not just social and
scientific, but also moral?

Stay tuned.

--Lynn Hoffman, author of THE NEW SHORT COURSE IN WINE and the forthcoming novel bang-BANG from Kunati Books. ISBN 9781601640005

Every wine-lover has at least a passing acquaintance
with the story of phylloxera, the tiny vine louse that
threatened the very existence of European vitis vinifera
grapes and the industry that's built on them.
Briefly, in the 1860's, vines imported from America as
horticultural curiosities brought with them an
unfestation of phylloxera to which the European vines
had no immunity. Phylloxera destroyed the roots of grape
vines and eventually the vines themselves died.

This is the story of the devastation of almost all
the vineyards of Europe that resulted from the louse.
More interestingly, it's also the story of:

* the scientific world coming to terms with the
implications of Darwinian theory and the consequences
of the scientific method. Early attempts to control
the pest included flooding, fumigatiing,cultivating
and sulfurating the vineyards. A partial success was
eventually achieved: vulnerable European vines were
grafted on to resistant American rootstocks. The plants
that almost killed European viticulture ended up being
its salvation.

* the social and economic disruption of a peasant world
that stretched from the Loire to Tuscany and Vienna.
Vast tracts of countryside were abandoned when profitable
grape growing was no longer possible. The depopulation
of the countryside was felt in European cities as well
as in the U.S., Canada and Argentina.

* the long-term implications for the world of wine. New
strains of phylloxera adapt to newly planted rootstocks
and a cycle of plague continues. Genetic modification
seems to be just around the corner. How will the French,
sternly against GM organisms respond to the next round
of threat. Will the struggle be not just social and
scientific, but also moral?

Stay tuned.

--Lynn Hoffman, author of THE NEW SHORT COURSE IN WINE and the forthcoming novel bang-BANG from Kunati Books. ISBN 9781601640005

When I got this book I looked forward to an exciting, intriguing story based on the reviews I'd read. Unfortunately what I found was an unimpressive, somewhat disorganized telling of a great story. I found the writing to be rather boring and uninspired. The organization of the story was disappointing and I felt that the characters could have been more fully developed.

It would have been nice if the publishers had seen fit to place the photographs and drawings in the book accompanying the text. It also would have been nice to have had more maps in the book showing the spread of the phylloxera.

I love books on science and I love books on wine, so it isn't as if I was a mystery fan who was sucked into reading this book based on the hype. I was disappointed in the way the story was told, the way the information was organized and the lack of accompanying material to bring it all together. I give the book a thumbs up for the information in it and a thumbs down for the way it was written and presented.

Grape vines have been around for a long time. Charles Darwin suggested all grapes were descended from grapes now growing wild in western Asia. From Asia, these wild grapes were carried into Europe and North Africa by the ancient Phoenicians and Romans. But the Asian grapes had actually been originally brought there from Italy. And the Italian grapes had actually been originally brought to Italy from southern France, where the oldest grape fossils have been found. So French grapes have always been influential grapes!

But North America has long been known for grapes too. In fact, Scandinavians of the eleventh century under Leif Ericsson called the continent Vinland, because of all the wild grapes. Spanish explorers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought European vines with them. The vines did well with the first Spanish settlements of California. But in the rest of North America, the European vines died within a few years of being planted.

So winegrowers turned native, wild grapes into wine-yielders. These wild grapes got the attention of the wine world, because of their "robust" temperament. But they were also criticized for their "foxy," "musky," or "raspberry" taste.

Nevertheless, Frenchmen began importing sample American grape vines in the early 19th century, and even more so in the 1860s. For the first plague ran its course in the 1840s and 1850s. A fungal parasite called oidium went hog wild on southern European vines. Powdered sulphur fungicide saved French wine production from collapse. It was noted at the time that imported American vines successfully stood up against oidium.

Then, in the 1860s, vines started dying in England and Ireland. Vines were uprooted. Yellow-orange bugs were found all over them. Samples were sent to Oxford scholar and Professor John Obadiah Westwood. He identified the culprit in England and named it the aphid.

Across the Channel, in France, the plague began with a sealed box of aphid-covered vines sent from New York to wine merchant Borty of Roquemaure, Gard. The plague spread from there throughout most of France and much of the wine-making world. By the 1870s, the plague had spread to California. The aphids went hog wild on the old European vines of Napa and Sonoma counties.

Many solutions were offered, such as burning, flooding, spraying, and uprooting. What finally worked was grafting European stems to American roots. For American roots weren't affected by aphids, natives of eastern and southern North America. The two had found a way to live together over time. Therefore, by the beginning of the 20th century, THE BOTANIST AND THE VINTNER had gotten this second plague under control.

So I can imagine the disbelief and horror when the plague burst out again, in California's Napa Valley in 1983. How could science have failed? A new strain of aphids had developed. This strain had no problems not trying to live with European stems grafted to American roots.

Will there be more plagues? Science's answer these days is the controversial genetic engineering. Specifically, genes from the snowdrop and from barley help grape vines fight, respectively, [1] wire-worms and aphids; and [2] molds. As a Virginia Tech-trained master gardener and advanced land care steward, I'd also hope for some natural solutions.

Author Christy Campbell has written a clear, interesting account of HOW WINE WAS SAVED FOR THE WORLD. He makes the scientific information understandable. He includes historic photographs and maps which give an idea of the problem and the frantic scurry for a solution.

This is a marvelous book that will appeal equally to wine buffs, history buffs, science buffs, and the general reader. It is constructed like a mystery story (replete with detectives, victims, and villains) about the search for the cause and cure for a grapevine malady that began decimating European vineyards in the 1860s. Don't be put off by the inept title on the American edition.

Christy Campbell turns the Byzantine life cycle of Phylloxera vastatrix into a plot device to be unraveled by doughty scientific sleuths on both sides of the Atlantic. He describes the tragic effect of the plague on peasant vignerons of the Midi, where it first appeared, and the resulting political fallout. Bizarre remedies and inventions offered to cope with this root aphid provide comic relief. Campbell even includes short summaries of the afterlives of his chief protagonists. The book has excellent maps and a detailed timeline to help the reader keep track of the sequence of events.

Campbell is neither a wine writer nor an enthusiast, but rather the defense correspondent for the British Sunday Telegraph. His two previous books dealt with Victorian political intrigues. Nevertheless, his meticulous research in French archives has unearthed information that will be new even to those who think they are well informed about Phylloxera.

The weakest part of the book is its final chapter, a hodgepodge dealing with the new outbreak of Phylloxera in California beginning in the 1980's and other recent developments. After the thorough way Campbell dealt with earlier events, its brevity is disappointing. He is much more lenient with the mandarins of UC Davis than with the scientific bureaucrats of 19th century France. He goes into great detail about the confusion engendered by official pronouncements in the earlier era, but ignores the obfuscation and mixed messages that emanated from Davis during the California crisis. Instead he marvels at the scientific tools quickly brought to bear on the problem. Nor does Campbell analyze the economic consequences of the "reconstitution" of California viticulture -- Perhaps because it is still playing out. For bad measure he includes a few pages about genetic engineering of grapevines and a five page "Postcript" on the question of whether wine from grafted vines tastes as good as that from those grown on their own roots. All three topics deserve betters treatment than is offered here.

If you like botanical history as much as wine and want a healthy dose of each, don't miss British journalist Christy Campbell's investigation The Botanist And The Vintner: How Wine Was Saved For The World. When grapevines in France began to die mysteriously in the mid 1860s, botanist Jules-Emile Planchon investigated and discovered the damaging aphids which threatened to destroy the world's wine growing regions. The industry was on the brink of disaster when the French government offered a prize for a remedy - leading Planchon to devote a decade of research to resolving the infestation. A fascinating history evolves.

Legendary French wines were almost wiped out when the vines that produced their grapes withered in the nineteenth century. The problem was one that has become familiar; our capacity to ship species from one continent to another has meant that we can have much more variety in our plants and animals, but it also endangers the homebodies that have to meet the newcomers. In _The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World_ (Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill), Christy Campbell writes that in the 1840s, trade in grape vines proceeded with "no barriers, no inspectorate, no concept of biological quarantine." The result was that tiny aphids with an extraordinary life cycle made their entry from America into France, and found the sap of the French grape vines exactly to their liking. Campbell has told the story of this disaster much like a mystery, and indeed, the vintners who saw their vines rapidly wither had no idea what was happening. A voracious caterpillar had threatened their plants two decades before, and a fungus had come shortly afterwards, but no one had seen a pattern of vine death like this one, with the leaves rapidly drying and curling up. There were only guesses about what was going on; too much rain, smoke in the air or iron in the soil from locomotives, and even emanations from telegraph lines were held to be responsible. Perhaps it was as simple as soil erosion or bad weather. No one knew.

The problem was an aphid usually called phylloxera. It took a long time to finger this particular culprit for many reasons, among which was that the tiny insect was not found on the dead vines. The simple explanation was that the aphids sucked all the sap they could out of the roots of the plant, and with nothing further to eat, moved on. Eventually, entomologists worked out the confusing life cycle of the aphid, which included several different forms of adults, some laying eggs on leaves, some laying eggs on the roots, and others having flying sexual forms. The aphids had been brought to France from America. The aphids and the American vines had long ago drawn a truce; aphids still infested the plants, but the plant developed mechanisms to keep alive through the assault, and the aphids settled in to feeding steadily off the living rather than killing the plants outright. The French vines had no such protection, so the aphids sucked them dry and moved on. Before finding an elegant solution to the problem, vintners simply had to pull up the dead vines and start growing something else, but that did not keep them from trying fanciful remedies, especially when the government offered a reward. Some proposed setting vials of holy water from Lourdes among the withering vines. Putting potatoes or frogs into the soil to draw away the poison had equal effect. Snail slime was championed, as were marching bands and a "beating wheelbarrow." Insecticides were useless. The problem had come from America, and the solution was from America as well. The solution was to use the root stocks of the American vines (vines which bore grapes the French considered vastly inferior), but to graft upon them the French vines which had been cultivated for centuries.

Campbell has told an enthralling story of science at work. It is a true success story, but attempts to control nature seldom result in total or permanent success. The final section of his book reveals that outbreaks continue to occur and that the insects can develop new strains to which the old solution does not apply. Perhaps the rootstocks can be immunized. Perhaps, in these days of genetic modification, the genes from American vines that co-evolved with the phylloxera could be somehow inserted into the French varieties. GM wines are probably inevitable. The wine world used its wits to battle one pest successfully a century ago, but there will be others, and the story is not all told yet.